Bildung + Gesellschaft

Prof.Dr.Dr.-Ing.E.h.

Das Zitat von Mark Twain &bdquo;Nenne mir den gr&ouml;&szlig;ten aller Erfinder: Es ist der Zufall&ldquo; trifft besonders f&uuml;r Blaupigmente zu. Beispiele sind die Entdeckung des Berliner Blaus im Jahr 1706 oder die Herstellung des Cu-Phthalocyanins im Jahr 1928. Selbst heute noch kann man unverhofft Blau sehen &ndash; etwa im Jahr 2009 bei der Entdeckung des YInMn-Blaus.
Berliner Blau ist ein lichtechtes, tiefblaues, anorganisches Pigment. Es ist auch bekannt unter den Namen Preu&szlig;isch Blau, Pariser Blau, Turnbulls Blau, Milori Blau oder Vossen Blau. Entdeckt wurde es zuf&auml;llig um 1706 in Berlin. Georg Ernst Stahl &uuml;berliefert die Geschichte der Entdeckung in seinem 1731 erschienenen Buch &bdquo;Experimenta observationes animadversiones&ldquo;.
Vom Entdecker Johann Jakob Diesbach sind keine genauen Lebensdaten und auch kein Portr&auml;t bekannt. Man wei&szlig; jedoch, dass er eigentlich einen roten Farbstoff herstellen wollte: den Florentiner Lack. Dazu behandelte er &ndash; wie &uuml;blich &ndash; eine L&ouml;sung von Cochenille-L&auml;usen mit Alaun, Eisen(II)sulfat und Pottasche. Als ihm die Pottasche ausging, nutzte er eine Lauge, die sein Alchemistenkollege Johann Konrad Dippel bei der Bereitung von &bdquo;Dippels Tier&ouml;l&ldquo; &ndash; gewonnen durch trockene Destillation von Knochenteer &ndash; verwendet hatte. Zu Diesbachs Verwunderung erhielt er nicht das Florentiner Rot, sondern einen blauen Farbstoff: Eisen(III)-hexacyanidoferrat(II/III).
<h2>Ein Abplatzer f&uuml;hrt auf die Spur</h2>
Cu-Phthalocyanin ist heute das wichtigste Blaupigment weltweit. Es wird f&uuml;r Lacke, Anstrich- und Druckfarben sowie f&uuml;r Kunststoffe eingesetzt.
Die Entdeckung des intensiv blaugef&auml;rbten Cu-Phthalocyanins beschrieben Henri de Diesbach und Edmond von der Weid im Jahr 1927. Der Herstellungsprozess beruht auf einer Zufallsbeobachtung im Jahr 1928 im Werk Grangemouth der britischen Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI): Bei der Umsetzung von Phthals&auml;ureanhydrid mit Ammoniak in einem emaillierten Eisenkessel platzte Emaille ab, das Metall wurde blank, und es bildete sich an dieser Stelle ein blauer Farbstoff. Sp&auml;ter zeigte sich, dass bei der Umsetzung von Phthalonitril mit Schwermetallen farbige Substanzen entstehen.
ICI entwickelte daraus ein technisches Herstellverfahren und nahm im Jahr 1934 die industrielle Produktion auf. Bayer folgte im Jahr 1936.
<h2>YInMn-Blau</h2>
Auch heute noch lassen sich neue Farbstoffe entdecken, wenn man die Augen offen h&auml;lt.
So geschehen im Arbeitskreis von Mas Subramanian an der Oregon State University in Corvallis. Subramanians Schwerpunktarbeitsgebiet waren Multiferroika, also Materialien mit besonderen elektrischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften, die schnellere Computer erm&ouml;glichen sollten. Im Jahr 2009 mischte der Doktorand Andrew Smith aus Subramanians Arbeitsgruppe Indiumoxid, Manganoxid und Yttriumoxid in unterschiedlichen Verh&auml;ltnissen und erhitzte die Gemenge auf etwa 1100 &deg;C. Das Ergebnis war bei einigen Zusammensetzungen ein intensiv leuchtendes blaues Pulver. Die Zusammensetzung mit dem niedrigsten Mangangehalt ist YIn0,9Mn0,1O3, das sch&ouml;nste blaue Spektrum lieferte YIn0,8Mn0,2O3. Das Pigment ist einfach herzustellen, nicht giftig und lichtecht. Die Shepherd Color Company aus Cincinatti/Ohio vermarktet es in Lizenz. Auch in der Malerei wird dieses Blaupigment bereits genutzt &ndash; eingef&uuml;hrt von Subramanians Frau Rageevi Subramanian, einer Chemikerin und K&uuml;nstlerin.
Heribert Offermanns, Jahrgang 1937, ist Chemiker und war Vorstandsmitglied der Degussa bis zum Jahr 2000. Nachrichten-Lesern ist er durch viele chemiegeschichtliche Beitr&auml;ge bekannt.
<figure><img src="https://media.graphcms.com/0DOmRW9tQnSB3Rq6ac6n" />
<figcaption><label>Abb. 1: </label>Bildnachweis: Henke Vrieselaar/Adobe Stock</figcaption>
</figure>
<ul class="references">
<li>1 W. Herbst, K. Hunger, Industrielle Organische Pigmente, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004</li>
<li>2 K. Vollmar: Das gro&szlig;e Buch der Farben , K&ouml;nigsfurt Urania Verlag, Krummwisch 2009</li>
<li>3 P. Albers, R. Full , H. Offermanns; Naturwis. Rundschau 2017, 70(4), 175</li>
<li>4 D. W&ouml;hrle, G. Schnurpfeil, S. Makarov, O. Suvora, Chem. in Unserer Zeit 2012, 46</li>
<li>5 H. de Diesbach, E. von der Weid, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1927, 10, 886</li>
<li>6 A. E. Smith et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17084.</li>
<li>7 S&uuml;ddeutsche Zeitung, Das blaue Wunder; <a href="https://sueddeutsche.de/wissen/farbe-blau-chemie-lieblingsfarbe-1.4511823" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sueddeutsche.de/wissen/farbe-blau-chemie-lieblingsfarbe-1.4511823</a> (5.7.2019)</li>
</ul>

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Das Zitat von Mark Twain „Nenne mir den größten aller Erfinder: Es ist der Zufall“ trifft besonders für Blaupigmente zu. Beispiele sind die Entdeckung des Berliner Blaus im Jahr 1706 oder die Herstellung des Cu-Phthalocyanins im Jahr 1928. Selbst heute noch kann man unverhofft Blau sehen – etwa i...

Orcid accurately identifies researchers, ensuring they receive proper credit for their contributions. But only 50 percent of the researchers in Germany have an Orcid ID.
It can be difficult trying to search for researchers who share the same name. As researchers&lsquo; careers progress, they may choose to use different versions of their names or to change their names for a variety of reasons, which can lead to further confusion.
Orcid was launched in 2012 with a mission to help the scholarly research community reduce ambiguity associated with contributors&lsquo; names. The organisation was established as a collaborative effort among publishers, funding agencies, associations, and research institutions that share an interest in persistently identifying researchers and linking them to their contributions.
Orcid serves as an open information hub, accurately identifying researchers, ensuring they receive proper credit for their contributions. Researchers have complete control and sovereignty over the data stored in their Orcid records. The transparency and control mechanisms of the privacy functionalities on Orcid serve as a role model in privacy protection.
<h2>How does Orcid work?</h2>
When researchers register for Orcid, they are assigned a unique identifier that makes it possible to track their scholarly contributions and synchronise them in their Orcid record, including scholarly publications and reviews, applicable affiliations, funding, and professional activities. A researcher&rsquo;s Orcid ID remains the same throughout his or her entire career, reducing the risk of errors when manually adding scholarly work to proposals.
Orcid grants researchers the ability to easily reuse information linked to their Orcid records across employers. Orcid&rsquo;s interoperable system can integrate with existing identifier systems. For example, records stored in Scopus Author Identifier (Elsevier) and ResearcherID (Clarivate) can be imported into an Orcid record. Orcid has evolved into becoming a global standard, with more than ten million Orcid IDs registered worldwide and more than four million Orcid IDs connected with other systems.
Journal publishers and research organisations are collecting Orcid IDs from authors and affiliated researchers to help ensure proper identification and to reduce administrative data entry.
When the researcher logs into to a publication system with the Orcid ID and uploads the text or dataset, the Orcid ID will automatically be entered into the publication metadata, thereby persistently connecting the researcher and the publication. Both major DOI registration agencies, Crossref and DataCite, have enabled an Orcid record auto-update for all DOI publications, including articles and research data.
<h2>Orcid in Germany</h2>
The Orcid database, which can be integrated in many ways, enables research funders, scientific institutions, and researchers to obtain cross-institutional, verified information on all research activities, such as text publications and research data, as well as funding received. On the one hand, these are used as performance indicators for researchers, universities, and non-university research institutions. On the other hand, institutions regularly face the challenge of maintaining cross-institutional as well as detailed faculty-, or institute-specific publication lists. For this purpose, they implement institutional repositories, publication databases, university bibliographies, and FIS. At this point, at the least, the need for clear identification of academic staff and their assignment to the internal organisational structure becomes apparent.
These implementation efforts are supported in Germany by the German Research Foundation (DFG)-funded project Orcid DE, which started in 2016 and founded the Orcid DE Konsortium in the same year. The Orcid DE Konsortium, led by TIB, the Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology University Library, offers a reduced Orcid premium membership fee and supports its members during Orcid integration. Compared to the basic Orcid membership, this includes more connection options via interfaces (five Member API credentials) as well as so-called webhooks: a service from Orcid that automatically sends notifications when an Orcid record has been changed, e.g., by adding new publications. This service can be configured individually for each Orcid ID. This can increase the efficiency of the synchronisation between the Orcid database and the different systems of the premium members and can record the research or publication output on a daily basis. In addition to reduced costs, the consortium provides a dialogue platform with best-practice implementations and a collection of German-language information materials and country-specific FAQs.
<h2>Growth</h2>
More than 70 research organisations have joined the consortium. Aside from the technical integration, the Orcid DE members engage with their affiliated researchers in an organisation-wide communication campaign. These implementation efforts have also increased the number of registered Orcid IDs in Germany. When the consortium started in October 2016, 54 502 researchers had registered for an Orcid ID, and today more than 250 000 Orcid IDs have been registered by researchers with a German e-mail domain (figure).
<figure><img src="https://media.graphcms.com/8sZAUKYcRFGW5RoVyjQa" />
<figcaption><label>Abb. 1: </label>Orcid registrations in Germany.</figcaption>
</figure>
Another driving factor for the increase in Orcid IDs is that more publishers now mandate Orcid IDs in their submission systems. Wiley was the first major publisher to require Orcid IDs during manuscript submission. When an Orcid ID is collected, it is transferred, upon author&rsquo;s acceptance, to Crossref and displayed on the final publication. The author&rsquo;s Orcid record is automatically updated to include the new publication, providing an authoritative link between the author and the publication. Other important Orcid integration efforts, developed by the Orcid DE project partners Helmholtz Open Science Coordination Office at the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the German National Library (DNB), and Bielefeld University Library, include the Orcid claiming of publications in the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) and linking of personal records of the Integrated Authority File (GND) with Orcid.
<h2>Future</h2>
Science policy actors advocate the integration of Orcid IDs into systems of science communication and research information. For example, the German Science and Humanities Council (WR) has recommended the following for the specification of the Kerndatensatz-Forschung (KDSF): &bdquo;It makes sense to use such IDs when setting up research information systems. In the view of the Science and Humanities Council, since it is an open standard, many factors speak in favour of using Orcid for researcher identification as well as DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) for the unique identification of research outputs.&ldquo; The DFG and the German Initiative for Network Information (DINI) are following this direction and are recommending Orcid to researchers.
The implementation of Orcid at scientific institutions in Germany entails both organisational and technical challenges. The latter are particularly challenging compared to the technical developments in other countries such as the Netherlands, Australia, and Italy, which have central or uniform system environments, because of the diverse repository solutions in Germany. In a study of the Orcid DE project from 2016, in addition to in-house developments, a total of 21 different software solutions were identified as being relevant for the implementation of Orcid in Germany, including OPUS, DSpace, Fedora, VIVO, and EPrints. This, together with the complex data protection law and how it impacts data processing, represents the major challenge for Orcid implementation in Germany.
<h2>Orcid as an obligation?</h2>
According to the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, there are currently 480 000 researchers working in Germany. Approximately 50 percent of researchers in Germany still do not have an Orcid ID. What needs to be done to reach them? Are guidelines and recommendations sufficient to change the existing workflow and to overcome inertia and reluctance to change? Or do we need mandates, for example in the grant proposal submission process, similar to existing requirements of the journal article submission process? Only the holistic integration and widespread use of Orcid will enable the development of its full potential for scholarly communications.
Brooke Eurace is an Assistant Marketing Manager on the Researcher Marketing Team at Wiley. Britta Dreyer is Head of PID and Metadata Services at TIB &ndash; Leibniz-Informationszentrum Naturwissenschaft und Technik.

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