Advancements in the Applications of Mono and Bimetallic Rhenium(I) Complexes in Anticancer Therapeutics, Bioimaging, and Biosensing

Multifuctional Re(I) complexes have been demonstrated as versatile agents for cancer therapeutics and molecular sensing.

Abstract

This article explores the development of various Re(I) complexes, including monometallic, bimetallic, homobimetallic, Ru(II)/Ir(III) heteroobimetallic, and Re(I)–(Ru(II), Re(I)–Ir(III)) heteroobimetallic complexes as anticancer agents in various cancer cell lines. Further, it explores metal complexes used in live-cell imaging targeting mitochondria, lysosomes, the nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum. Besides, complexes have been used for sensing substances like nitric oxide (NO), proteins S(β-amyloid and HSA), dissolved oxygen, thiol, anions (H₂PO₄ ⁻, OAc, and F⁻), and cations (K⁺, Pb²⁺, Ba²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺). The abovementioned properties are because complex derivatives possess unique physical and chemical properties, allowing them to exist in various oxidation states and form diverse geometric configurations with various ligands. The luminescence properties, lipophilicity, and cytotoxicity of these complexes can be altered by altering the ligand. This review report offers a thorough examination of their physical and analytical applications of Re(I) and Re(I) conjugated with Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes, discussing current and future challenges and opportunities.

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