Porphyrin–Peptide Conjugates: Functional Self‐Assembled Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Energy Conversion Applications

This review focuses on porphyrin–peptide conjugates, which integrate the light-harvesting ability of porphyrins with the structural versatility of peptides. Herein, recent developments in their design is summarized and their growing potential in biomedical applications and sustainable energy conversion systems is emphasized.

Porphyrin–peptide conjugates have emerged as promising self-assembling nanomaterials, combining the structural versatility of peptides with the exceptional optical and electronic properties of porphyrins. The extended π-conjugation of porphyrins enables strong π–π interactions, facilitating the formation of well-organized and tunable nanostructures. When conjugated with peptides, these hybrid systems exhibit enhanced biocompatibility, stimuli-responsiveness, and functional versatility, making them ideal for biomedical and energy-related applications. Their ability to self-assemble under controlled conditions allows for precise tuning of properties through pH, temperature, light, and sonication. These peptide–porphyrin conjugates have demonstrated significant potential in photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, drug delivery, tumor imaging, and artificial light harvesting. This review highlights the design, synthesis, self-assembly mechanisms, and diverse applications of porphyrin–peptide nanomaterials, underscoring their importance in next-generation functional materials.

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