Biocatalytic Alkylation of Ambident Nucleophiles Enables Selective N‐Functionalization of Heterocycles and Late‐Stage Modifications

N-alkylated heteroarenes are key structural motifs in bioactive compounds, but their regioselective synthesis via coupling of readily available azoles with haloalkanes remains very challenging. Here, we present a mild biocatalytic approach that proceeds on gram-scale, is highly chemo- and regioselective, offering rapid access to valuable N-alkylated building blocks and enabling demanding late-stage alkylations.

Abstract

The alkylation with electrophilic haloalkanes is a key methodology in chemical synthesis to build desired molecules. Although alkylation of compounds bearing a single nucleophilic site is routine, the selective alkylation of polyfunctional molecules with multiple competing nucleophilic positions of comparable reactivity is often very challenging. In this work, we report a generalizable solution for selective alkylation chemistry that combines the selectivity of enzyme catalysis with the reactivity of off-the-shelf alkylation reagents. We employ engineered transferases in a modular cyclic cascade and use functionalized N-heteroarenes as challenging proof-of-concept substrates. This catalytic alkylation approach is mild, highly chemo- and regioselective, proceeds on gram-scale, provides rapid access to important N-alkylated heterocyclic building blocks and enables challenging late-stage alkylations. This study demonstrates a generalizable strategy to streamline synthetic routes to many pharmaceutically important compounds by selective biocatalytic alkylation of polyfunctional molecules and ambident nucleophiles.

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